Selected publications on the water footprint of energy
Water footprint of various sources of energy
Hoekstra, A.Y. (2020) The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society: Second edition, Routledge, London, UK. Info
Mekonnen, M.M., Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2016) Future electricity: The challenge of reducing both carbon and water footprint, Science of the Total Environment, 569–570: 1282–1288. PDF
Mekonnen, M.M., Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2015) The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: A global assessment, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 1(3): 285-297. PDF
Water footprint of biofuels from sugar, starch and oil crops
Holmatov, B., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2019) Land, water and carbon footprints of circular bioenergy production systems, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 111: 224-235. LINK PDF
Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The water footprint of sweeteners and bio-ethanol, Environment International, 40(1): 202-211. PDF.
Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Van Lienden, A.R., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, Th.H. (2012) Biofuel scenarios in a water perspective: The global blue and green water footprint of road transport in 2030, Global Environmental Change, 22(3): 764-775. PDF
Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2012) Water for bioenergy: A global analysis. In: Gasparatos, A. and Stromberg, P. (eds.) Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of biofuels: Evidence from developing nations, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, pp.69-89.
Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The water footprint of biofuel-based transport, Energy and Environmental Science, 4(8): 2658-2668. PDF
Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5): 1577-1600. PDF
Hoekstra, A.Y., Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2010) The water footprint of bio-energy. In: Howe, C., Smith, J.B. and Henderson, J. (eds.) Climate change and water: International perspectives on mitigation and adaptation, American Water Works Association, IWA Publishing, London, UK, pp. 81-95. PDF
Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) The water footprint of bioenergy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(25): 10219-10223. PDF
Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) A global estimate of the water footprint of Jatropha curcas under limited data availability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(40): E113. PDF
Hoekstra, A.Y., Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) The water footprint of Jatropha curcas under poor growing conditions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(42): E119. PDF
Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, Th. (2009) The water footprint of energy from biomass: A quantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bio-energy in energy supply, Ecological Economics, 68(4): 1052-1060. PDF
Water footprint of biofuels from cellulosic feedstocks
Mathioudakis, V., Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Van der Meer, T.H. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2017) The water footprint of second-generation bioenergy: A comparison of biomass feedstocks and conversion techniques, Journal of Cleaner Production, 148: 571-582. PDF
Water footprint of biofuels from algae
Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Xu, L., De Vries, G.J. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2014) The blue water footprint and land use of biofuels from algae, Water Resources Research, 50(11): 8549-8563. PDF
Water footprint of firewood
Schyns, J.F., Booij, M.J. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2017) The water footprint of wood for lumber, pulp, paper, fuel and firewood, Advances in Water Resources, 107: 490–501. PDF
Water footprint of hydro-electricity
Hogeboom, R.J., Knook, L. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2018) The blue water footprint of the world's artificial reservoirs for hydroelectricity, irrigation, residential and industrial water supply, flood protection, fishing and recreation, Advances in Water Resources, 113: 285–294. LINK PDF
Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The blue water footprint of electricity from hydropower, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(1): 179-187. PDF
Newspaper articles / blogs
Hoekstra, A.Y. (2017) Is there enough land and water to harness renewable energy? China Dialogue, published 9 March 2017. link
Hoekstra, A.Y. (2015) Switching to biofuels could place unsustainable demands on water use, The Guardian, published 28 May 2015. link
Hoekstra, A.Y. (2015) Biobrandstoffen gebruiken veel te veel land en water, Trouw, 17 juni. PDF